A Conceptual Framework for Refining Influence Knowledge from Simulation Evidence in Cyber-Physical Systems

[Submitted on 22 Jul 2026]

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Abstract:Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are typically developed by multiple stakeholders who produce artefacts tailored to their specific domains of expertise. The behaviour of these systems emerges from the interaction between those artefacts and their operational environment. Simulation and co-simulation have become essential approaches for analysing CPS behaviour and, through simulation campaigns, developers can explore system responses under changing conditions, including interactions with the environment. However, the lack of details and understanding of some environmentmediated interactions (typically the ones beyond direct sensing and actuation), which remain unmodelled due to their complexity, a lack of time, or a lack of domain experience, hinders the proper comprehension and exploitation of simulation results. To address these limitations, we propose a conceptual framework leveraging the novel concept of Influences to support the iterative and incremental refinement of simulation campaigns and deepen the understanding of the system behaviour. We demonstrate the proposed approach through a case study involving a mobile robot implemented using Simulink/Gazebo co-simulation.

Submission history

From: Team Kairos [view email] [via CCSD proxy]
[v1] Wed, 22 Jul 2026 09:24:44 UTC (3,325 KB)