Extending Fair Null-Space Projections for Continuous Attributes to Kernel Methods

[Submitted on 5 Nov 2025 (v1), last revised 3 Aug 2026 (this version, v3)]

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Abstract:With the on-going integration of machine learning systems into the everyday social life of millions the notion of fairness becomes an ever increasing priority in their development. Fairness notions commonly rely on protected attributes to assess potential biases. Here, the majority of literature focuses on discrete setups regarding both target and protected attributes. The literature on continuous attributes especially in conjunction with regression — we refer to this as \emph{continuous fairness} — is scarce. A common strategy is iterative null-space projection which as of now has only been explored for linear models or embeddings such as obtained by a non-linear encoder. We improve on this by extending this to kernel induced feature spaces by means of the “empirical feature space”. We theoretically derive this as a direct transformation of the kernel matrix yielding a model and fairness-score agnostic method applicable to continuous protected attributes. We demonstrate that our novel approach in conjunction with Support Vector Regression (SVR) provides competitive or improved performance across multiple datasets in comparison to other contemporary methods.

Submission history

From: Felix Störck [view email]
[v1] Wed, 5 Nov 2025 09:17:08 UTC (448 KB)
[v2] Wed, 3 Jun 2026 09:18:47 UTC (627 KB)
[v3] Mon, 3 Aug 2026 06:16:14 UTC (627 KB)